Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim Zauq (1789–1854) ( Urdu: شیخ محمد ابراہیم ذوق ) was a noted Urdu poet . He wrote poetry under nom de plume "Zauq", and was appointed poet laureate of the Mughal Court in Delhi.
He was a poor youth, with only ordinary education, who went on to acquire quite some learning in history, tradition and astrology in his later years. Zauq was a prominent contemporary of Ghalib and in the history of Urdu poetry the rivalry of the two poets is quite well known. During his lifetime Zauq was more popular than Ghalib for the critical values in those days were mainly confined to judging a piece of poetry on the basis of usage of words, phrases and idioms. Content and style were barely taken into account while appreciating poetry.
Zauq was born at Delhi in 1789. His father, Sheikh Muhammad Ramzan was a lowly placed soldier in the Mughal army.
It was no less than a miracle that Zauq, without having the proper treatment on account of the penury of his family, survived the attack of a dreaded malady like smallpox during his childhood.
His father had no means to equip his son with the best available education of the time. He was sent to a maktab (elementary religious school) that was run by Hafiz Ghulam Rasool. Hafiz himself was a poet and used Shauq as his nom de plume. Under his influence the young Muhammad Ibrahim also got attracted towards poetry. Hafiz provided the required encouragement, took him as his pupil in poetry too and suggested Zauq as his nom de plume.
Though Zauq could not complete the course of the maktab, he got hooked to poetry. In those days Shah Naseer was the most famous master poet of Delhi. Zauq began showing his ghazals to Shah Naseer for improvement. Naseer recognized the natural talent and made him his pupil. Gradually, Zauq began participating in the mushairas. His natural bent of mind towards poetry coupled with his singular obsession to excel in the pursuit brought him fame and fortune. He would be better appreciated in the mushairas than his mentor. Shah Naseer got very annoyed with the growing popularity of Zauq. He threw him out of the group of his pupils. Zauq, thereafter, relied only on his talent and continued writing poetry with a vengeance.
Another poet, Meer Kazim Husain Beqarar, a friend of Zauq's was appointed the mentor of the Crown Prince Zafar, who later ascended the throne. Through him Zauq could get the chance to enter the royal court. He also started participating in the royal mushairas. When Beqarar took up the job of Meer Munshi (Head Clerk) in the Office of John Elphinstone, Crown Prince Zafar appointed Zauq as his mentor with a monthly salary of Rs. 4 that was ultimately raised to Rs. 100 when Bahadur Shah Zafar ascended the throne. He remained the poet laureate of the Mughal Court till his death in 1854..
Zauq’s reputation in Urdu poetry is because of his eulogies that reflect his command over the language and his expertise in composing poetry in extremely difficult meters. Since he got associated with the royal court right from his teens and remained there till his death, he had to write mostly eulogies to seek the patronage and rewards from the princes and the King. His mentor, Shah Naseer, would also pay attention only to the linguistic eloquence and mastery over prosody. Zauq also emulated the example of his mentor. Such style of poetry suits eulogy writing. Many critics regard him a great eulogy writer next only to Sauda.
His ghazals also have some literary values. Since Bahadur Shah Zafar was fond of using simple and colloquial diction, Zauq too composed his ghazals using simple words, phrases of everyday use and similes rooted in the common culture. His ghazals are also notable for their spontaneity. Zauq was a deeply religious man. In his ghazals too he would deal with religious and ethical themes. Therefore, his ghazals lack lyricism and appear to be the verses of a preacher.
Zauq died in 1854, and today his grave lies in a bylanes of Paharganj, Delhi. His grave was restored after the Supreme Court orders in early 2000s, but his home in nearby Nabi Karim area, was never identified.
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marate hain tere pyar se hum aur ziyada
tu lutf mein karta hai sitam aur ziyada
den kyon ki na wo dag-e-alam aur ziyada
qimat mein badhe dil ke diram aur ziyada
tu lutf mein karta hai sitam aur ziyada
den kyon ki na wo dag-e-alam aur ziyada
qimat mein badhe dil ke diram aur ziyada
kya hovega do char qadah se mujhe saqi
main lunga tere sar ke qasam aur ziyada
main lunga tere sar ke qasam aur ziyada
wo dil ko churakar jo lage aankh churane
yaron ka gaya un pe bharam aur ziyada
kyon main ne kaha tujh sa khudai mein nahi aur
magarur hua ab wo sanam aur ziyada
lete hain samar shakh-e-samaravar ko jhukakar
jhukate hain sakhi vaqt-e-karam aur ziyada
yaron ka gaya un pe bharam aur ziyada
kyon main ne kaha tujh sa khudai mein nahi aur
magarur hua ab wo sanam aur ziyada
lete hain samar shakh-e-samaravar ko jhukakar
jhukate hain sakhi vaqt-e-karam aur ziyada
jo kunj-e-qana’at mein hain taqadir pe shakir
hai “zauq” barabar unhen kam aur ziyada
hai “zauq” barabar unhen kam aur ziyada
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Lai hayat aaye qaza le chali chale
na apni khushi aaye na apni khushi chale
na apni khushi aaye na apni khushi chale
behatar to hai yahi ke na duniya se dil lage
par kya karen jo kam na bedillagi chale
ho umr-e-khizr bhi to kahenge bavaqt-e-marg
hum kya rahe yahan abhi aaye abhi chale
par kya karen jo kam na bedillagi chale
ho umr-e-khizr bhi to kahenge bavaqt-e-marg
hum kya rahe yahan abhi aaye abhi chale
duniya ne kis ka rah-e-fana mein diya hai sath
tum bhi chale chalo yun hi jab tak chali chale
tum bhi chale chalo yun hi jab tak chali chale
nazan na ho khirad pe jo hona hai wo hi ho
danish teri na kuch meri danishvari chale
danish teri na kuch meri danishvari chale
kam honge is bisat pe hum jaise badqimar
jo chal hum chale wo nihayat buri chale
ja ki hava-e-shauq mein hain is chaman se ‘zauq’
apni bala se bad-e-saba kaheen chale
jo chal hum chale wo nihayat buri chale
ja ki hava-e-shauq mein hain is chaman se ‘zauq’
apni bala se bad-e-saba kaheen chale
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ab to ghabaraa ke ye kahate hai.n ke mar jaayenge
mar ke bhii chain na paayaa to kidhar jaayenge
tum ne Thaharaa_ii agar Gair ke ghar jaane kii
to iraade yahaa.N kuchh aur Thahar jaayenge
ham nahii.n vo jo kare.n Khuun kaa daavaa tujh par
balqi puuchhegaa Khudaa bhii to mukar jaayenge
aag dozaKh kii bhii ho jaayegii paanii paanii
jab ye aasii arq-e-sharm se tar jaayenge
sholaa-e-aah ko bijalii kii tarah chamakaauu.N
par mujhe Dar hai, ki vo dekh kar Dar jaayenge
laaye jo mast hai.n turbat pe gulaabii aa.Nkhe.n
aur agar kuchh nahii.n, do phuul to dhar jaayenge
nahii.n paayegaa nishaa.N ko_ii hamaaraa hargiz
ham jahaa.N se ravish-e-tiir-e-nazar jaayenge
pahu.Nche.nge rahaguzar-e-yaar talak ham kyuuN kar
pahale jab tak na do aalam se guzar jaayenge
'Zauq' jo madarase ke biga.De hue hai.n mullaah
unako maiKhaane me.n le aao sa.Nvar jaayenge
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Kisi be-kas ko aai bedaad-gar maara to kya maara
Jo aap hi mar raha ho us ko gar maara to kya maara
Na maara aap ko, jo khaak ho akseer ban jaata
Agar paare ko aai askeer-gar maara to kya maara
HaNsi k saath yaaN rona hai misl-e-qulqul-e-meena
Kisi ne qehqaha aai be-khabar maara to kya maara
Gaya shaitaan maara eik sajde k na karne mein
Agar lakhoN baras sajde mein sar maara to kya maara
BaRe moozi ko maara, nafs-e-ammaara ko gar maara
Nahang o azhdaha o sheir-e-nar maara to kya maara
Dil-e-sangeen-e-khushru par bhi zarb-e-kohkan pohnchi
Agar tesha sar-e-kohsaar par maara to kya maara
Dil-e-bad-khwaah mein tha maarna ya chashm-e-bad-beeN mein
Falak par Zauq, teer-e-aah gar maara to kya maara
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